Dynamics (Orchestra)

• a Volume Marking, i.e. Define How Loud One Should Play 

ppp = pianississimo = Very Soft

pp = pianissimo = Somewhat Soft

p = piano = Soft

mp = mezzopiano = Moderately Soft

mf = mezzoforte = Moderately Loud

f = forte =Loud

ff = fortissimo = Louder than f

fff = fortississimo = Louder than ff

– Below a Image of Relative Dynamics in dB, Widely used for Orchestral Illustrations