Category: Music Glossary
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Dynamics (Orchestra)
ppp = pianississimo = Very Soft pp = pianissimo = Somewhat Soft p = piano = Soft mp = mezzopiano = Moderately Soft mf = mezzoforte = Moderately Loud f = forte =Loud ff = fortissimo = Louder than f fff = fortississimo = Louder than ff – Below a Image of Relative Dynamics in…
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Dynamic Range
General – it Looks at the Short Term Punchiness of a Track, Created Using a Ratio of the Short Term LUFS to Peak Level (Not the Same as Crest Factor which Uses RMS to Calculate the Dynamic Range) Crest Factor Large Crest Factors = will generally be of a Very Dynamic Material Smaller Crest Values…
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EBU R128
General – EBU = European Broadcast Union – New Standard as EBU R128 = -23dB LUFS is Based on Measuring “Perceived Loudness”, instead Measuring “Peak Loudness ” – In Fact, R128 allows a True Peak Level of -1dBFS – means Not the Peaks are Relevant anymore, but the effectively Perceived Loudness or the Average Level…
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Envelope Follower
– Originally a Voltage Controlled Effect which Basically Converts Amplitude into DC Voltages (Louder Signal = More Voltage it Outputs) – e.g. on a ARP2600 you Plug the Microphone into the Preamplifier –> Into the Envelope Follower –> Into to the Multiple (which Distributes the Voltage to whatever you Plug into it) –> From Multiple…
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Extensions (Harmony)
General – are Added Notes in a Higher Octave – Basic Extensions are 9,11 and 13 – 13th is the Highest Extension available Before the Notes Start Repeating Examples Raised or Lowered 9th occurs over Dominant 7th Chord – C7#9 = add a raised 9th Note in a Dominant 7th Chord = C,E,G,Bb,D# – C7b9…
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Flanger
– “Flanger” Creates a Duplicate of the Audio, then Modifies & Delays it a Little and Mixes it Back with the Original Audio – the “Feedback” Generates the Typical “Sweeping” Effect – Provides a Very Deep Widening Effect because Flangers “Add” something to the Sound (that can Not be Produced by Tremolo or Autopan which…
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Fletcher Munson Curve
General – Fletcher invented the Reference 1kHz Test-Tone Calibration Method, so All Frequencies are Linear at 1000Hz – Most Engineers Passing References to the Fletcher Munson Curve – it is a Graph that Reflects How the Frequency Response of Human Hearing is Different at Different Overall Loudness Levels – Human Hearing is Never Flat, there…